Chokoletisichinakhale chokoma nthawi zonse: m'zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazi, chakhala chowawa, chakumwa chopereka nsembe zokometsera, ndi chizindikiro cha ulemu.Idayambitsa mikangano yachipembedzo, idadyedwa ndi ankhondo, ndipo idalimidwa ndi akapolo ndi ana.

Ndiye tidachoka bwanji kuno mpaka lero?Tiyeni tione mwachidule mbiri ya anthu omwe amamwa chokoleti padziko lonse lapansi.

Mwanaalirenji mkaka otentha chokoleti.

ZINTHU ZOYAMBIRIRA

Coffee ili ndi Kaldi.Chokoleti ili ndi milungu.M'nthano za Mayan, Njoka Yofiira inapereka koko kwa anthu milungu itaipeza m'phiri.Panthawiyi, m’nthano ya Aaziteki, Quetzalcoatl ndi amene anaipereka kwa anthu ataipeza m’phiri.

Pali zosiyana pa nthano izi, komabe.Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yotchedwa Museu de la Xocolata ku Barcelona imalemba nkhani ya mwana wamfumu amene mwamuna wake anamuimba mlandu woteteza malo ake ndi chuma chake ali kutali.Adani ake atabwera, anamumenya koma sanaululebe kumene chuma chake chinabisidwa.Quetzalcoatl anawona izi ndipo anasandutsa magazi ake kukhala mtengo wa cacao, ndipo iwo amati, chifukwa chake chipatsocho ndi chowawa, "cholimba monga ukoma", ndi chofiira ngati magazi.

Chinthu chimodzi n’chotsimikizika: mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi chake, mbiri ya chokoleti imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mwazi, imfa, ndi chipembedzo.

Chokoleti chakuda cha Duffy cha 72% cha Honduras.

CHIPEMBEDZO, NTCHITO, NDI NKHONDO KU MESOAMERICA

Kakao ankagulitsidwa ndi kudyedwa ku Mesoamerica wakale wakale, makamaka, nyemba zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ndalama.

Chakumwa - chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi nthaka ndikuwotcha nyemba za koko, chilli, vanila, zokometsera zina, nthawi zina chimanga, ndipo kawirikawiri uchi, usanatulutsidwe thovu - unali wowawa komanso wopatsa mphamvu.Iwalani kapu yausiku ya koko: ichi chinali chakumwa cha ankhondo.Ndipo ndikutanthauza kuti kwenikweni: Montezuma II, mfumu yotsiriza ya Aztec, inalamula kuti ankhondo okha ndi omwe amatha kumwa.(Komabe, pansi pa olamulira akale, Aaziteki amamwanso paukwati.)

Anthu amtundu wa Olmec, omwe ndi amodzi mwa anthu otukuka kwambiri m'derali, alibe mbiri yolembedwa koma m'miphika yomwe adasiya m'mapoto omwe adasiya adapezako cocoa .Pambuyo pake, a Smithsonian Mag akuti a Mayans adagwiritsa ntchito chakumwachi ngati "chakudya chopatulika, chizindikiro cha kutchuka, chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso mwala wokhudza chikhalidwe".

Carol Off amatsata ubale wa Mayan pakati pa koko, milungu, ndi magazi mkatiChokoleti Chowawa: Kufufuza Mbali Yamdima ya Zokoma Kwambiri Padziko Lonse, kufotokoza mmene milungu inasonyezedwera ndi makoko a koko ndipo ngakhale kuwaza magazi awoawo pambewu ya koko.

Nyemba za cocoa.

Momwemonso, Dr Simon Martin amasanthula zojambula za Mayan muChokoleti ku Mesoamerica: Mbiri Yachikhalidwe cha Kakao (2006)kutsindika mgwirizano pakati pa imfa, moyo, chipembedzo, ndi malonda ndi chokoleti.

Pamene Mulungu wa Chimanga anagonjetsedwa ndi milungu ya kudziko la pansi, iye akulemba kuti, iye anasiya thupi lake ndipo kuchokera mmenemo munamera mtengo wa koko, pakati pa zomera zina.Mtsogoleri wa milungu ya kudziko la akufa, amene pambuyo pake anatenga mtengo wa koko, akusonyezedwa ndi mtengowo ndi paketi ya amalonda.Pambuyo pake, mtengo wa kokowo unapulumutsidwa kwa mulungu wa dziko lapansi ndipo mulungu wa chimanga anabadwanso.

Momwe timawonera moyo ndi imfa siziri momwe Amaya akale ankazionera, ndithudi.Ngakhale kuti timagwirizanitsa dziko lapansi ndi gehena, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti zikhalidwe zakale za ku Mesoamerica zinkaona kuti ndi malo osalowerera ndale.Komabe kugwirizana pakati pa koko ndi imfa sikungatsutsidwe.

Mu nthawi zonse za Mayan ndi Aztec, nsembe zinaperekedwanso chokoleti asanamwalire (Carol Off, Chloe Doutre-Roussel).Ndipotu, malinga ndi kunena kwa Bee Wilson, “m’mwambo wa Aaziteki, koko anali fanizo la mtima wong’ambika ngati nsembe—mbewu zimene zinali mkati mwa potoyo zinkaganiziridwa kukhala ngati magazi akutuluka m’thupi la munthu.Zakumwa za chokoleti nthawi zina zinkapakidwa utoto wofiira ndi annatto kutsindika mfundoyo.”

Mofananamo, Amanda Fiegl akulemba mu Smithsonian Magazine kuti, kwa a Mayans ndi Aaztec, cacao inali yomangirizidwa ku kubereka - mphindi yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi magazi, imfa, ndi chonde.

Mbiri yakale ya mowa wa cacao sinawone chokoleti ngati chakudya cha tiyi kapena chisangalalo cholakwa.Kwa zikhalidwe zaku Mesoamerica zomwe zikukula, kugulitsa, komanso kumwa chakumwachi, chinali chinthu chokhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lachipembedzo komanso chikhalidwe.

Nyemba za Kakao ndi chokoleti chokoleti.

KU ULAYA AKUYESA NDI MATENDO A CHOCOLATE

Koma koko atafika ku Ulaya, zinthu zinasintha.Inali idakali chinthu chamtengo wapatali, ndipo nthaŵi zina inkayambitsa mkangano wachipembedzo, koma inasiya kugwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo ndi imfa.

Stephen T Beckett akulemba muSayansi ya Chokoletikuti, ngakhale Columbus anabweretsa ena cacao nyemba kubwerera ku Ulaya "monga chidwi", sizinali mpaka 1520s kuti Hernán Cortés anayambitsa chakumwa ku Spain.

Ndipo sizinali mpaka zaka za m'ma 1600 pamene zinafalikira ku Ulaya konse - nthawi zambiri kupyolera mu ukwati wa mafumu a ku Spain kwa olamulira akunja.Malinga ndi kunena kwa buku lotchedwa Museu de la Xocolata, mfumukazi ina ya ku France inasunga mdzakazi wophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri kukonza chokoleti.Vienna adatchuka chifukwa cha chokoleti chotentha ndi keke ya chokoleti, pomwe m'malo ena amaperekedwa ndi ayezi ndi matalala.

Masitayilo aku Europe panthawiyi amatha kugawidwa m'mikhalidwe iwiri: kalembedwe ka Chisipanishi kapena ku Italy komwe chokoleti chotentha chinali chokhuthala (chokoleti chokhuthala ndi churros) kapena kalembedwe ka Chifalansa komwe kanali kocheperako (ganizirani za chokoleti chanu chotentha).

Mkaka unawonjezeredwa ku concoction, yomwe idakali mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1600 kapena kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1700 (magwero amatsutsana ngati anali Nicholas Sanders kapena Hans Sloane, koma aliyense amene anali, zikuwoneka kuti Mfumu ya England George II inavomereza).

Pamapeto pake, chokoleti adalumikizana ndi khofi ndi tiyi pokhala ndi malo opangira zakumwa: nyumba yoyamba ya chokoleti, The Cocoa Tree, inatsegulidwa ku England mu 1654.

Chokoleti chachikhalidwe chokhala ndi churros ku Badalona, ​​Spain.

ZOPHUNZITSA ZACHIPEMBEDZO NDI ZA ANTHU

Komabe ngakhale kuti chokoleticho chinali kutchuka pakati pa anthu apamwamba ku Ulaya, chakumwacho chinayambitsabe mkangano.

Malingana ndi Museu de la Xocolata, ma convents a ku Spain sankadziwa ngati chinali chakudya - choncho ngati chikhoza kudyedwa panthawi yosala kudya.(Beckett akunena kuti papa wina adalamula kuti zinali bwino kudya chifukwa zinali zowawa kwambiri.)

Poyamba, William Gervase Clarence-Smith akulemba muKoko ndi Chokoleti, 1765-1914, Apulotesitanti “analimbikitsa kumwa chokoleti m’malo mwa mowa”.Komabe pamene nyengo ya Baroque inatha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, kubwererana kunayamba.Chakumwacho chinagwirizanitsidwa ndi "atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi olemekezeka a Katolika ndi maboma absolutist".

Panthawi imeneyi, panali zipolowe ndi chipwirikiti ku Ulaya konse, kuyambira ku French Revolution mpaka ku nkhondo ya anthu wamba.Nkhondo Zachiŵeniŵeni za ku England, zimene Akatolika ndi olamulira achifumu akumenyana ndi Apulotesitanti ndi a Nyumba ya Malamulo, zinali zitatha pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali.Kusiyana pakati pa momwe chokoleti ndi khofi, kapena chokoleti ndi tiyi, zidazindikiridwa zimayimira mikangano yamagulu awa.

Keke ya chokoleti chapamwamba.

ANTHU OYAMBA AMARICAS NDI ASIA

Pakadali pano, ku Latin America, kumwa chokoleti kumakhalabe chinthu chofunikira pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku.Clarence-Smith akulemba za momwe ambiri amderalo amadyera chokoleti pafupipafupi.Mosiyana ndi ku Ulaya, akufotokoza kuti ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mofala, makamaka pakati pa anthu osauka.

Chokoleti ankaledzera mpaka kanayi pa tsiku.Ku Mexico,mole poblanoanali nkhuku yophikidwa mu chokoleti ndi chili.Ku Guatemala, inali gawo la kadzutsa.Venezuela imamwa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a zokolola zake za koko chaka chilichonse.Lima anali ndi gulu la opanga chokoleti.Anthu ambiri a ku Central America anapitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito koko monga ndalama.

Komabe, mosiyana ndi malonda a khofi ndi tiyi, chokoleti inavutika kuti ilowe ku Asia.Ngakhale kutchuka ku Philippines, Clarence-Smith akulemba kuti kwina analephera kutembenuza omwa.Tiyi ankakondedwa ku Central ndi East Asia, Kumpoto kwa Africa, ndi kumene panthaŵiyo kunali Persia.Khofi ankakonda m'mayiko Asilamu, kuphatikizapo ambiri a South ndi Southeast Asia.

Mkazi akukonzekeramole poblano.

Ku Ulaya, m'zaka za m'ma 1900, chokoleti chinayamba kutaya mbiri yake.

Misonkhano yamakina chokoleti idakhalapo kuyambira 1777, pomwe inatsegulidwa ku Barcelona.Ngakhale chokoleti chinali kupangidwa mokulirapo, ntchito yayikulu yomwe idatenga komanso misonkho yayikulu ku Europe idapangitsabe kukhala chinthu chapamwamba.

Izi zonse zidasintha, komabe, ndi makina osindikizira a koko, omwe adatsegula njira yopangira zinthu zazikulu.Mu 1819, dziko la Switzerland linayamba kupanga mafakitale akuluakulu a chokoleti ndipo mu 1828, ufa wa koko unapangidwa ndi Coenraad Johannes van Houten ku Netherlands.Izi zinalola JS Fry & Sons ku England kuti apange chokoleti chodyera chamakono chamakono mu 1847 - chomwe adachipanga pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya injini ya nthunzi.

Mabwalo a chokoleti chakuda.

Posakhalitsa, Beckett adalemba kuti Henry Nestlé ndi Daniel Peter adawonjezera mkaka wofewa kuti apange chokoleti chamkaka chomwe chimatchuka padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano.

Panthawi imeneyi, chokoleti inali yosalala.Komabe, mu 1880, Rodolphe Lindt anapanga conche, chida chopangira chokoleti chosalala komanso chochepa kwambiri.Conching imakhalabe gawo lalikulu pakupanga chokoleti mpaka lero.

Makampani monga Mars ndi Hershey posakhalitsa anatsatira, ndipo dziko la chokoleti chamtengo wapatali linali litafika.

Chokoleti ndi mtedza brownies.

IMPRIALIMU NDI UKAPOLO

Komabe kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito kudapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchulukirachulukira, ndipo Europe nthawi zambiri idatengera maufumu ake kudyetsa nzika zake zolakalaka chokoleti.Mofanana ndi zinthu zambiri za nthawi imeneyi, ukapolo unali wofunika kwambiri pa malonda.

Ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, chokoleti chodyedwa ku Paris ndi London ndi Madrid chinakhala, osati Latin America ndi Caribbean, koma African.Malinga ndi kunena kwa Africa Geographic, nkhaka inabwera ku kontinentiyi kudzera ku São Tomé ndi Príncipe, dziko la zilumba lomwe lili m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku Central Africa.Mu 1822, pamene São Tomé ndi Príncipe anali chigawo cha Ufumu wa Portugal, João Baptista Silva wa ku Brazil anayambitsa mbewuyi.M'zaka za m'ma 1850, kupanga kunakula - zonsezi chifukwa cha ntchito yaukapolo.

Pofika m’chaka cha 1908, mzinda wa São Tomé ndi Príncipe unali umene umatulutsa koko waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse.Komabe, uwu uyenera kukhala mutu waufupi.Anthu ambiri a ku Britain anamva malipoti a ntchito ya akapolo m'mafamu a cacao ku São Tomé ndi Príncipe ndipo Cadbury anakakamizika kuyang'ana kwina - pamenepa, ku Ghana.

MuMitundu ya Chokoleti: Kukhala ndi Kufera Chokoleti ku West Africa, Órla Ryan akulemba kuti, “Mu 1895, katundu wa padziko lonse anakwana 77,000 metric tonnes, ndipo koko ambiri amachokera ku South America ndi Caribbean.Pofika m’chaka cha 1925, katundu wotumizidwa kunja anafikira matani oposa 500,000 ndipo Gold Coast inali itayamba kugulitsa koko.”Masiku ano, West Coast ndi yomwe imapanga koko, yomwe imapanga 70-80% ya chokoleti padziko lonse lapansi.

Clarence-Smith akutiuza kuti "cocoa adalimidwa makamaka ndi akapolo m'magawo mu 1765", ndi "ntchito yokakamiza ... idazimiririka pofika 1914".Ambiri angatsutsane ndi mbali yomalizira ya mawu amenewo, akumatchula malipoti opitirizabe a ntchito ya ana, kuzembetsa anthu, ndi ukapolo wa ngongole.Komanso, pali umphawi waukulu pakati pa anthu omwe amapanga cacao ku West Africa (ambiri mwa iwo, malinga ndi Ryan, ndi eni ake ang'onoang'ono).

Matumba odzaza ndi nyemba za koko.

KUKHALA KWA CHOKOLETI WABWINO NDI KACAO

Chokoleti chamtengo wapatali chikulamulira msika wapadziko lonse wamakono, komabe chokoleti chabwino ndi koko zayamba kuonekera.Gawo lamsika lodzipatulira ndilokonzeka kulipira mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya chokoleti chapamwamba chomwe, mwachidziwitso, chimapangidwa mwachilungamo.Ogula awa amayembekeza kulawa kusiyana kwa kochokera, kusiyanasiyana, ndi njira zopangira.Iwo amasamala za mawu monga "nyemba ku bar".

Fine Cacao and Chocolate Institute, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2015, ikulimbikitsidwa ndi makampani apadera a khofi popanga miyezo ya chokoleti ndi koko.Kuyambira kulawa masamba ndi ziphaso mpaka kukangana pazabwino za cacao, makampaniwa akuchitapo kanthu kuti pakhale bizinesi yokhazikika yomwe imayika patsogolo khalidwe lokhazikika.

Kudya chokoleti kwasintha kwambiri zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazi - ndipo mosakayikira zidzapitirizabe kusintha mtsogolomu.